In the prospectus, proposal, and dissertation there are 10 strategic points that need to be clear, simple, correct, and aligned to ensure the research is doable, valuable, and credible. These points, which provide a guide or vision for the research, are present in almost any research study. The ability to identify these points is one of the first skills required in the creation of a viable doctoral dissertation. In this assignment, you will identify and evaluate 10 strategic points in a published quantitative research study.General Requirements:Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:Review the Luckett dissertation.Locate and download “Modified 10 Points Template.”This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.APA style is required for this assignment.You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Directions:Using the “Modified 10 Points Template,” identify each of the 10 strategic points in this quantitative dissertation.Complete the “Evaluation” section of the template by addressing the following questions (250-500 words) with regard to the 10 strategic points in the study:Discuss the key points in the literature review and how the author used this section to identify the gap or problem addressed in the study.Describe the variables under study and how they are a key component in this quantitative research study. You are not expected to understand the differences between variables at this point, but should be able to identify how they inform the problem, purpose, research questions and data collection instruments.Describe the problem and how it informed the research questions under study.Describe the quantitative design used and why it is appropriate for the identified problem and research questions. Support your response with a peer-reviewed citation from a research source.Assess the appropriateness of the instruments used to collect data and answer the research questions as well as to address the stated problem.Discuss how the problem statement informed the development of the purpose statement in this study.
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The Relationship between Musical Aptitude and Academic Achievement among
Beginning Band Students
Submitted by
Theodus Luckett III
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctorate of Education
Grand Canyon University
Phoenix, Arizona
December 11, 2015
© by Theodus Luckett III, 2015
All rights reserved.
GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY
The Relationship between Musical Aptitude and Academic Achievement among
Beginning Band Students
I verify that my dissertation represents original research, is not falsified or plagiarized,
and that I have accurately reported, cited, and referenced all sources within this
manuscript in strict compliance with APA and Grand Canyon University (GCU)
guidelines. I also verify my dissertation complies with the approval(s) granted for this
research investigation by GCU Institutional Review Board (IRB).
__________________________________
Theodus Luckett III
______________________
Date
Abstract
The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine if and to what degree
a correlation existed between the musical aptitude measured by Intermediate Measures of
Music Audiation (IMMA), and reading and mathematics scores on the State of Texas
Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR) among sixth grade beginning band students.
Two research questions guided the study: (1) was there a correlation between the level of
musical aptitude on the IMMA and the composite and sub-categorical performance levels
of the mathematics scores on the STAAR among beginning band students? and (2) was
there a correlation between the level of musical aptitude and the composite and subcategorical performance levels of the reading scores on the STAAR among beginning band
students? The theoretical foundation was Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
supported by Gordon’s music learning theory. Results from regression analyses indicated
there was a statistically significant relationship between students’ musical aptitude and
mathematics achievement composite scores, R = .673, R2 = .453, F (1, 63) = 52.132, p <
.001, between students’ musical aptitude scores and five mathematics achievement
subscales, R = .709, R2 = .502, F (5, 59) = 11.915, p < .001, between students’ musical
aptitude and reading achievement composite scores, R = .848, R2 = .718, F(1, 63) =
160.722, p < .001. Results from the multiple regression analysis indicated a significant
relationship between students’ musical aptitude scores and three reading achievement
subscales, R = .861, R2 = .740, F(3, 61) = 58.022, p < .001. The implications suggest that
music programs designed to increase musical aptitude may have a positive effect on
reading and mathematics achievement among middle school students.
Keywords: Musical aptitude, academic achievement, reading, mathematics
vi
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to the wonderful people who helped me along this
doctoral journey. First, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the Lord, who is my
helper, friend, and Savior! Without Him, I am nothing. Second, I would like to thank my
lovely wife and wish her the best as she embarks on her doctoral journey. I couldn’t have
done it without her support and advice. Third, I would like to thank my sister (Dr. Pamela
Luckett) for paving the way to my dream. Fourth, I would like thank my parents (Emma
Lee Luckett and Theodus Luckett Jr.) for their sacrifices. They have made me into the
man I am today. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my son (Theodus
Luckett IV) who has pushed me to complete this degree! I love you, son!
-If I am for you, who can be against you!
vii
Acknowledgements
I must acknowledge and thank my entire dissertation team: Dr. Dolores Kelly,
Chair, my friend and colleague Dr. Richard Holsomback, Dr. James Lehmann, and Dr.
Dorina Miron. You made this journey not only possible, but also enjoyable. I cannot
thank you enough for all of your time and dedication thought this process. Thank you!
viii
Table of Contents
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study....................................................................................1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
Background of the Study ...............................................................................................3
Problem Statement .........................................................................................................5
Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................6
Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................7
Advancing Scientific Knowledge ..................................................................................9
Significance of the Study .............................................................................................11
Rationale for Methodology ..........................................................................................13
Nature of the Research Design for the Study...............................................................14
Definitions of Terms ....................................................................................................16
Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations ....................................................................18
Assumptions ........................................................................................................18
Limitations ..........................................................................................................19
Delimitations .......................................................................................................19
Summary and Organization of the Remainder of the Study ........................................19
Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................22
Introduction and Background ......................................................................................22
Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................26
Theory of multiple intelligences .........................................................................26
ix
Music learning theory .........................................................................................27
Review of the Literature ..............................................................................................28
Overview of musical aptitude .............................................................................29
Academic achievement .......................................................................................33
Music and academic achievement.......................................................................39
Musical aptitude and academic achievement ......................................................48
Methodology. ......................................................................................................52
Instrumentation. ..................................................................................................54
Summary ......................................................................................................................55
Chapter 3: Methodology ....................................................................................................58
Introduction ..................................................................................................................58
Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................59
Research Questions and Hypotheses ...........................................................................60
Research Methodology ................................................................................................62
Research Design...........................................................................................................64
Population and Sample Selection.................................................................................66
Instrumentation ............................................................................................................67
IMMA. ................................................................................................................68
STAAR................................................................................................................68
Validity ........................................................................................................................69
IMMA validity ....................................................................................................69
STAAR validity ..................................................................................................69
Reliability.....................................................................................................................70
x
IMMA reliability .................................................................................................70
STAAR reliability ...............................................................................................71
Data Collection Procedures..........................................................................................72
Data Analysis Procedures ............................................................................................74
Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................76
Limitations ...................................................................................................................77
Summary ......................................................................................................................78
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results ................................................................................81
Introduction ..................................................................................................................81
Descriptive Data...........................................................................................................82
Data Analysis Procedure ..............................................................................................85
Research Question 1: data evaluation .................................................................87
Research Question 2: data evaluation .................................................................90
Results ..........................................................................................................................93
Results of Research Question 1 ..........................................................................93
Results of Research Question 2 ..........................................................................97
Summary ....................................................................................................................102
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ............................................104
Introduction ................................................................................................................104
Summary of the Study ...............................................................................................105
Summary of Findings and Conclusion .......................................................................108
Implications................................................................................................................113
Theoretical implications ....................................................................................113
xi
Practical implications ........................................................................................114
Future implications ...........................................................................................115
Strengths and weaknesses .................................................................................116
Recommendations ......................................................................................................116
Recommendations for future research ..............................................................116
Recommendations for future practice ...............................................................117
References ........................................................................................................................119
Appendix A. Site Authorization Letter ............................................................................136
Appendix B. Permission to Use Intrument ......................................................................137
Appendix C. IMMA Instrument ......................................................................................138
Appendix D. Informed Consent .......................................................................................147
Appendix E. Computation of Minimum Sample Size .....................................................149
Appendix F. IRB Approval Letter ...................................................................................150
xii
List of Tables
Table 1. Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation Reliabilities, Standard
Errors of Measurement, and Standard Errors of a Difference ........................... 71
Table 2. STAAR Grade 6 Total Group Descriptive Data ................................................ 72
Table 3. The Study Population: Gender and Ethnicity .................................................... 84
Table 4. Summary of Variables and Statistical Tests used to Evaluate
Research Questions 1 and 2 ............................................................................... 87
Table 5. Descriptive Statistics of the Criterion and Predictor Variables ......................... 88
Table 6. Skewness and Kurtosis Statistics of the Criterion and Predictor Variables
Used to Evaluate Research Question 1 .............................................................. 89
Table 7. Summary of Correlations between Predictor Variables used in Research
Question 1 .......................................................................................................... 90
Table 8. Descriptive Statistics of the Criterion and Predictor Variables used to
Evaluate Research Question 2 ........................................................................... 91
Table 9. Skewness and Kurtosis Statistics of the Criterion and Predictor Variables
Used to Evaluate Research Question 2 .............................................................. 92
Table 10. Summary of Correlations between Predictor Variables used in Research
Question 2 .......................................................................................................... 93
Table 11. Model Summary of Regression for Research Question 1................................ 95
Table 12. Model Summary of Multiple Regression for Research Question 1 ................. 97
Table 13. Model Summary of Regression for Research Question 2................................ 99
Table 14. Model Summary of Multiple Regression for Research Question 2 ............... 101
Table 15. Summary of Results for Hypotheses 1 and 2 ................................................. 103
xiii
List of Figures
Figure 1. District enrollment percentages by ethnicity for 2013-2014 school year.......... 83
Figure 2. Scatterplot depicting the relationship between mathematics achievement
and musical aptitude. ......................................................................................... 96
Figure 3. Scatterplot depicting the relationship between reading achievement
and musical aptitude. ....................................................................................... 100
1
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study
Introduction
Since the beginning of the 21st century, public education in the United States
could be characterized as a decade of increased emphasis on school accountability
(Duncan, 2011; William, 2010). The accountability standards mandated by federal and
state legislature require public school districts to acquire passing scores on standardized
tests. Yet, standardized assessments across the nation suggest that more than one-third of
American students are not proficient in reading and mathematics (Campbell & Malkus,
2011; Hemmings, Grootenboer, & Kay, 2011; Martin, 2012; National Assessment of
Educational Progress, 2009). In addition, the level of academic proficiency for minority
students is even lower (Arbona & Jimenez, 2014; Morales, 2010; Olszewski-Kubilius &
Thomson, 2010; Williams, 2011).
These alarming statistical data prompted music educators across the United States
to examine musical aptitude as it relates to academic achievement. Similar empirical
studies have examined the relationship between musical aptitude and academic
achievement in Texas. Holsomback (2001) conducted a quantitative correlational study
that examined the relationship between musical aptitude and the Texas Assessment of
Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) for beginning band students. The study was conducted
with 104 sixth grade band students in an east Texas school district. The researcher found
that a strong statistical relationship existed between musical aptitude and academic
achievement. The following year, Holsomback (2002) conducted a similar study that
examined the relationship between the musical aptitude and academic achievement of 74
seventh grade band students. That second study identified a positive correlation between
2
musical aptitude, as measured by the Selmer Music Guidance Survey, and academic
achievement, as measured by the results of the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills
(TAAS). In addition, Holsomback (2002) suggested that further research should
investigate the relationship between musical aptitude and other standardized assessments.
Although compelling empirical evidence correlates musical aptitude to earlier
standardized assessments in Texas (Holsomback, 2002; 2001), as of 2015 there has been
no research concerning the correlation between musical aptitude and the State of Texas
Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) among sixth grade beginning band
students. This gap in the literature justifies the need for this study. By investigating such
relationships, school administrators, teachers, and policy holders are capable of
identifying tactics that may improve test results. In addition, the data extended the
literature relating music to cognitive abilities by examining the correlation of musical
aptitude to specific areas of academic performance. Therefore, the purpose of this
quantitative correlational study was to examine if, and to what degree, a correlation exists
between musical aptitude and the reading and mathematics sections of the STAAR
among beginning band students.
Chapter 1 includes the background to the study, the problem statement, the
purpose of the study, and the research questions and corresponding hypotheses. A
discussion of how it will advance scientific knowledge and the significance of the study
is also presented. The researcher provides the rationale for the selected methodology and
research design. The chapter concludes with definitions of research terms, assumptions,
limitations, and the study’s delimitations.
3
Background of the Study
Over the past decade, the educational reform movement has been a major societal
and political debate in the United States (Kno ...
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