Medical Terminology class: Watch the video below from the American Medical Association. Share your observations. What lessons can we learn from this video that can help us in our future careers? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgTuD7l7LG8&feature=emb_logo Math class: Make 4 separate post. Our final discussion is a reflection: As each generation is responsible for leaving a contribution for the next generation, in a two paragraph response, please respond to the following: What would you like an incoming DMS student to know before taking this math class?What was your favorite discussion this term? What is one thing that I can improve on as your professor? What is one thing you are taking with you from this class? This is my favorite discussion in this term. Here is my answer, you just need summary it: In my first 100 years, I would invest in myself and do whatever I like. It is this first 100 years that I will identify my potential and builds it. For instance, I will build my career and establish myself. Again, I will start dating because love, affection, and companion are essential, too, in my later years. In my second phase of life (100-200 years), I will have made a foundation. I would be busy growing my investments and managing them properly as I continue to save. I would buy a house, build some apartments, and invest too much on my health. I will then invest and spend much time with my family and assisting my children in growing themselves. This is because this is the time that I have time, energy, and resources to ensure that I give my goals fuel to propel them. In my last phase (200-300 years), I will have accomplished almost everything in my life. At this point, I will spend much time with my spouse, children, and grandchildren. I will do what I used to like in my 200 years and visit exciting places. Again, I will be helping people to realize themselves, especially the vulnerable. Most importantly, I will be keen on my health and diet to live comfortably and die a comfortable death. Make 4 separate post. 1. What was your favorite part of the class? (I will upload this class some chapter ppt, and you choose favorite part) 2. Least favorite part? (I will upload this class some chapter ppt, and you choose least part) 3. Did you discover any new study techniques? 4. How will you become even more efficient as the courses get harder? Answer 1,2，3 total 2 pages.
discussion_.docx
__dms_ch._1__5____6_tissues_and_skin.pptx
dms_ch._7___8_am.pdf
dms_ch._14__blood_.pptx
dms_ch._12_sensory_systems.pdf
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Medical Terminology class:
Watch the video below from the American Medical Association. Share your
observations. What lessons can we learn from this video that can help us in our future
careers?
Math class:
Make 4 separate post.
Our final discussion is a reflection: As each generation is responsible for leaving a
contribution for the next generation, in a two paragraph response, please respond to
the following:
•
•
What would you like an incoming DMS student to know before taking this
math class?
What was your favorite discussion this term?
This is my favorite discussion in this term. Here is my answer, you just need
summary it:
In my first 100 years, I would invest in myself and do whatever I like. It is this first 100 years
that I will identify my potential and builds it. For instance, I will build my career and
establish myself. Again, I will start dating because love, affection, and companion are
essential, too, in my later years.
In my second phase of life (100-200 years), I will have made a foundation. I would be busy
growing my investments and managing them properly as I continue to save. I would buy a
house, build some apartments, and invest too much on my health. I will then invest and
spend much time with my family and assisting my children in growing themselves. This is
because this is the time that I have time, energy, and resources to ensure that I give my
goals fuel to propel them.
In my last phase (200-300 years), I will have accomplished almost everything in my life. At
this point, I will spend much time with my spouse, children, and grandchildren. I will do
what I used to like in my 200 years and visit exciting places. Again, I will be helping people
to realize themselves, especially the vulnerable. Most importantly, I will be keen on my
health and diet to live comfortably and die a comfortable death.
•
•
What is one thing that I can improve on as your professor?
What is one thing you are taking with you from this class?
BIO 100 question, just one page. Answer it.
Make 4 separate post.
1. What was your favorite part of the class? (I will upload this class some chapter ppt, and
you choose favorite part)
2. Least favorite part? (I will upload this class some chapter ppt, and you choose least part)
3. Did you discover any new study techniques?
4. How will you become even more efficient as the courses get harder?
Answer 1,2，3 total 2 pages.
Hi! I’m Aly and I will be
subbing for Leon today
Riddle of the day: What is black when you buy it, red
when you use it and gray when you throw it away?
Exam I this week!
Ch. 1-8 and 24
90 questions; 1:55 min time limit
10 questions/chapter
I Like To Move it, Move it
Bones, Joints, and Movement
Divisions of the Skeleton
Divisions of the Skeleton
Flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones
Start with undifferentiated connective tissue (Mesenchyme)
Differentiate into Osteoblasts (Bone forming cells)
Start with hyaline cartilage, then it degenerates
Connective tissue cells invade and differentiate into Osteoblasts
Epiphyseal plate remains for further growth
Feedback Loops
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
A.
B.
C.
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
A.
B.
C.
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
In you study groups, determine
what would happen if there were:
High Blood Calcium Levels
Loss-of-function Mutations
Gain-of-function Mutations
5 min Break
I like to Move it, Move it
Joints and Movement
Types of Joints
Types of Joints
Types of Joints
Types of Joints
Hip bone
Metacarpal
Head of femur
in acetabulum
Femur
Phalanx
(a) Ball-and-socket joint (multiaxial
movement)
(b) Condylar joint (biaxial
movement)
Humerus
Radius
Carpals
(c) Plane joint (nonaxial
movement)
Dens
Transverse
ligament
Ulna
(d) Hinge joint (uniaxial
movement)
First
metacarpal
Atlas
Trapezium
Axis
(e) Pivot joint (uniaxial
movement)
(f) Saddle joint (biaxial
movement)
Types of Joints
•
•
•
What do kneecaps (Patellas) do?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Other types of
movement
Dorsiflexion
Circumduction
Plantar flexion
Medial
rotation
Pronation
Lateral
rotation
Other types of
movement
Inversion
Eversion
Elevation
Protraction
Retraction
Depression
Blood
Ch. 14
Welcome Back PTA Cohort!
• Discussion forum: 4 posts (>10 words). You can respond to the prompt
or to each other.
• Quizzes: 50% of the questions will be from knowledge checks, 50% will
be modified questions from live session.
• Midterm/ Final: 50% knowledge checks, 50% live session questions.
• To Do Well:
• Do as many KC’s as possible.
• Attempt questions in live session, make sure you understand how to do each one.
• Cash in on free points (KC’s, exercises, discussion forum posts).
Centrifuged Blood
In a centrifuged blood sample:
• 55% is plasma.
• 45% is RBCs.
• WBCs and platelets are <1%.
Percentage of RBCs is called the:
• Hematocrit (HCT) or
• Packed cell volume (PCV)
Blood Composition
Erythrocytes can emerge from which of
the following precursor cells?
A. Reticulocyte
B. Myeloid stem cell
C. Hematopoietic stem cell
D.2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Erythrocytes can emerge from which of
the following precursor cells?
A. Reticulocyte
B. Myeloid stem cell
C. Hematopoietic stem cell
D.2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Lymphoid stem cells can differentiate into
…
A. T lymphocyte
B. B lymphocyte
C. Macrophage
D.2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Lymphoid stem cells can differentiate into
…
A. T lymphocyte
B. B lymphocyte
C. Macrophage
D.2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Erythropoiesis:
RBC formation
• Occurs in red bone marrow.
• Low blood O2 causes kidneys
and liver to release E P O
(erythropoietin), which converts
reticulocytes to erythrocytes.
• A negative feedback mechanism.
• Hemocytoblast →
erythroblast → reticulocytes
→ erythrocytes
Anemia is when there is a decline in the
number of red blood cells in the body.
Therefore, the release of erythropoietin
will _____.
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stay the same
Anemia is a condition where the O2carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
due to deficient RBCs. Therefore, the
release of erythropoietin will _____.
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stay the same
If the number of erythropoietin
receptors on reticulocytes increased, you
would expect the hematocrit to…
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stay the same
If the number of erythropoietin
receptors on reticulocytes increased, you
would expect the hematocrit to…
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stay the same
Pernicious anemia occurs when the body
is unable to absorb vitamin B12. Which
of the following will occur?
A. High hematocrit
B. Fewer but bigger cells.
C. Increased O2-carrying capacity of
blood.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Substance
Source
Function
Vitamin B12 (requires
intrinsic factor for
absorption via small
intestine)
Absorbed from small
intestine
DNA synthesis
Iron
Absorbed from small
intestine; conserved
during red blood cell
destruction and made
available for reuse
Hemoglobin synthesis
Folic acid
Absorbed from small
intestine
DNA synthesis
Pernicious anemia occurs when the body
is unable to absorb vitamin B12. Which
of the following will occur?
A. High hematocrit
B. Fewer but bigger cells.
C. Increased O2-carrying capacity of
blood.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Substance
Source
Function
Vitamin B12 (requires
intrinsic factor for
absorption via small
intestine)
Absorbed from small
intestine
DNA synthesis
Iron
Absorbed from small
intestine; conserved
during red blood cell
destruction and made
available for reuse
Hemoglobin synthesis
Folic acid
Absorbed from small
intestine
DNA synthesis
The brown color of fecal matter is
due to the excretion of bilirubin. A
patient presents with pale-colored
fecal matter. Which is most likely?
A. There is an incomplete
breakdown of globin by the liver.
B. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are
not being absorbed by the small
intestine.
C. We can expect to find high
concentrations of heme and
bilirubin in the liver.
D. None of these statements are
congruent with the patient’s
symptoms.
The brown color of fecal matter is
due to the excretion of bilirubin. A
patient presents with pale-colored
fecal matter. Which is most likely?
A. There is an incomplete
breakdown of globin by the liver.
B. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are
not being absorbed by the small
intestine.
C. We can expect to find high
concentrations of heme and
bilirubin in the liver.
D. None of these statements are
congruent with the patient’s
symptoms.
White blood cells (Leukocytes, WBCs):
• Protect against disease.
• WBCs are produced in red bone marrow, under
control of hormones: interleukins and colonystimulating factors.
There are 5 types of WBCs, in 2 categories:
• Granulocytes, which have granular cytoplasm, and
short life span:
• Neutrophils – most common WBC; first at
infection site.
• Eosinophils – found at allergic reactions.
• Basophils – release histamine (swelling) and
heparin (anti-blood clotting).
• Agranulocytes, which do not have noticeable
granules:
• Lymphocytes – B or T lymphocytes.
• Monocytes – become macrophages.
Inflammatory Response
Which of the following would lead
to a more rapid and robust antibacterial response?
A. Decreased secretions of
interleukin.
B. Increased capillary permeability.
C. Increased histamine release
from basophils.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Which of the following would lead
to a more rapid and robust antibacterial response?
A. Decreased secretions of
interleukin.
B. Increased capillary
permeability.
C. Increased histamine release
from basophils.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Plasma
•
•
•
•
•
Clear, straw-colored.
Liquid portion of blood.
55% of blood volume.
92% water.
Contains organic and inorganic
chemicals.
• Transports nutrients, gases,
hormones, and vitamins.
• Helps regulate fluid and
electrolyte balance and
maintain pH.
Protein
Percentag
e of Total
Origin
Function
Albumins
60%
Liver
Help maintain colloid osmotic
pressure
Globulins
36%
Blank
Blank
Alpha globulins
Blank
Liver
Transport lipids and fatsoluble vitamins
Beta globulins
Blank
Liver
Transport lipids and fatsoluble vitamins
Lymphatic
tissues
Constitute the antibodies of
immunity
Liver
Plays a key role in blood
coagulation
Gamma globulins Blank
Fibrinogen
4%
A decrease in albumin
concentrations will have what
effect on the colloid osmotic
pressure?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not change
A decrease in albumin
concentrations will have what
effect on the colloid osmotic
pressure?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not change
An increase in blood albumin
concentrations will likely…
A. Increase colloid osmotic
pressure at the arterial
end.
B. Decrease filtration at the
arterial end.
C. Increased reabsorption at
the venous end.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
An increase in blood albumin
concentrations will likely…
A. Increase colloid osmotic
pressure at the arterial
end.
B. Decrease filtration at the
arterial end.
C. Increased reabsorption at
the venous end.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Hemostatic Mechanisms
Clotting factors: chemicals used in coagulation.
Vitamin K: needed for clotting factors to function.
Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways convert fibrinogen to fibrin
(active protein).
Blood Coagulation: Extrinsic
vs. Intrinsic Pathways
Steps
Extrinsic
Clotting
Mechanism
Intrinsic
Clotting
Mechanism
Trigger
Damage to vessel
or tissue
Blood contacts
foreign surface
Initiation
Tissue
thromboplastin
Hageman factor
Series of reactions
involving several clotting
factors and calcium ions
(Ca+2) lead to the
production of:
Prothrombin
activator
Prothrombin
activator
Prothrombin activator
and calcium ions cause
the conversion of:
Prothrombin to
thrombin
Prothrombin to
thrombin
Thrombin causes
fragmentation, then
joining of:
Fibrinogen to
fibrin
Fibrinogen to fibrin
Which clotting factors are shared by both
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Thrombin
Fibrin
Tissue Thromboplastin (Factor III)
2 are correct.
All are correct.
Which clotting factors are shared by both
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Thrombin
Fibrin
Tissue Thromboplastin (Factor III)
2 are correct.
All are correct.
_____ is found in damaged tissue and is a
clotting factor of the _____ clotting
mechanism.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tissue thromboplastin; extrinsic
Hageman factor; intrinsic
Tissue thromboplastin; intrinsic
Hageman factor; extrinsic
_____ is found in damaged tissue and is a
clotting factor of the _____ clotting
mechanism.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tissue thromboplastin; extrinsic
Hageman factor; intrinsic
Tissue thromboplastin; intrinsic
Hageman factor; extrinsic
Blood comes into contact with smooth
muscle and connective tissue (there is no
tissue damage). Levels of _____ are
elevated in the blood and the _____
clotting mechanism is engaged.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tissue thromboplastin; extrinsic
Hageman factor; intrinsic
Tissue thromboplastin; intrinsic
Hageman factor; extrinsic
Blood comes into contact with smooth
muscle and connective tissue (there is no
tissue damage). Levels of _____ are
elevated in the blood and the _____
clotting mechanism is engaged.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tissue thromboplastin; extrinsic
Hageman factor; intrinsic
Tissue thromboplastin; intrinsic
Hageman factor; extrinsic
Inhibition of Blood Clot Formation
Why would you want to stop a blood clot from forming?
Deep Vein Thrombosis:
• Clot formation due to pooling
of stagnant blood, mainly in
femoral or popliteal veins, or
deep veins of pelvis.
• Serious complication of DVT is
a pulmonary embolism, in which
blood clot travels through
circulation, and lodges in a
pulmonary blood vessel,
resulting in loss of function in
affected portion of the lung.
Antigen: Any molecule that evokes an immune
response.
If immune system finds a foreign antigen in the
body, it produces antibodies against the antigen.
Antibodies: Proteins that react against a specific
antigen.
In an incompatible blood transfusion, donor red
blood cells (RBCs) evoke an immune response in
the recipient (agglutination), and antibodies in
the recipient’s plasma agglutinate the donor
RBCs.
ABO Blood Group:
• Is based on the presence or absence of two
major antigens on red blood cell membranes:
Antigen A and Antigen B.
• Antigens A and B are carbohydrates.
Blood Antigens and Antibodies
A person with Type B blood has what
antibodies?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Anti-A antibody
Anti-B antibody
Both anti-A and –B antibodies.
Anti-O antibodies.
A person with Type B blood has what
antibodies?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Anti-A antibody
Anti-B antibody
Both anti-A and –B antibodies.
Anti-O antibodies.
A Type B person can receive blood
from which donors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Type A person
Type B person
Type O person
2 are correct.
All are correct.
A Type B person can receive blood
from which donors?
A. Type A person
B. Type B person
C. Type O person – neither A nor B
antigens.
D. 2 are correct.
E. All are correct.
Rh Blood Group
• Rh positive: Presence of antigen
D or other Rh antigens on RBC
membranes.
• Rh negative: Do not have the Rh
antigens on RBC membranes.
• Anti-Rh antibodies form only in
Rh-negative individuals in response
to the presence of red blood cells
with Rh antigens.
• The seriousness of the Rh blood
group is evident in a fetus that
develops the condition
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic
disease of the newborn.
A person with Type A blood who is
Rh-negative can receive blood from
which donors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Type AB, Rh-negative
Type O, Rh-positive
Type B, Rh-positive
Type A, Rh-positive
None of the recipients.
A person with Type A blood who is
Rh-negative can receive blood from
which donors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Type AB, Rh-negative
Type O, Rh-positive
Type B, Rh-positive
Type A, Rh-positive
None of the recipients – this
person has anti-Rh antibodies.
Anyone who is Rh-positive will
be incompatible.
Sensory Systems
Ch. 12
Tips
• Use the list of objectives to guide your studying!
• Make sure you are able to answer each objective before taking your quiz.
• Attempt the “PRACTICE QUIZ” – unlimited attempts, not graded.
Introduction to Sensory
Function
Senses maintain homeostasis by providing
info about the external and internal
environment.
Receptors for our general (somatic)
senses are distributed throughout the body
in the skin (exteroceptive), organs
(visceroceptive), and joints
(proprioceptive).
Receptors for our special senses are only
found in the head (e.g. eyes, ears, nose,
mouth).
Sensation is when the brain receives sensory
info and perception is when the brain
interprets it. Projection is when the brain
determines where the stimulation originated.
5 Receptors Types
1.
Chemoreceptors: are activated by
chemicals (smell, taste, [O2] in the
blood).
2.
Pain (nociceptors): respond to tissue
damage.
3.
Thermoreceptors: respond to
temperature change.
4.
Mechanoreceptors: respond to forces
that physically deform the receptors
(touch, tension, pressure, stretch).
5.
Photoreceptors: respond to light.
Sensory info flows from the periphery to the brain.
Information Flow
Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Sensory receptors
Olfactory receptor
cells
Taste bud receptor
cells
Rods and
cones in retina
Hair cells in cochlea
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Impulse in sensory
fibers
Olfactory nerve
fibers
Sensory fibers in
various cranial nerves
Optic nerve
fibers
Auditory nerve
fibers
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Impulse reaches
CNS
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex
Midbrain and
cerebral cortex
Midbrain and
cerebral cortex
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Sensation (new
experience,
recalled memory)
A pleasant smell
A sweet taste
A small, round,
red object
A crunching sound
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Perception
The smell of an
apple
The taste of an apple
The sight of an
apple
The sound of biting
into an apple
Sensory adaptation is when a
sensory receptor becomes
desensitized following repeated
stimulation. Which of the following
senses don’t undergo sensory
adaptation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Smell
Taste
Temperature
Pain
All senses undergo sensory
adaptation.
Sensory adaptation is when a
sensory receptor becomes
desensitized following repeated
stimulation. Which of the following
senses don’t undergo sensory
adaptation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Smell
Taste
Temperature
Pain – never adapts!
All senses undergo sensory
adaptation.
Touch and Pressure Senses
Primary somatic sensory cortex
is in the parietal lobe.
Senses of Pain
Free nerve endings are the receptors that detect pain.
They are distributed through skin and internal tissues (but
not in the brain).
Pain receptors aka nociceptors are stimulated by
temperature, pressure, chemoreceptors and don’t adapt
when constantly stimulated.
Visceral pain: pain receptors are the only visceral (organ)
receptors that produce sensations. Visceral pain receptors
are activated when tissues are stretched or are deprived of
oxygen. Visceral pain can feel like its coming from another
part of the body. This is referred pain and it happens
because sensory impulses from the visceral organ and
areas of the skin synapse on the same neuron in the CNS.
Proprioception
Stretch receptors are proprioceptors that
send info to the CNS regarding the length
and tension of muscles.
2 types:
1. Muscle spindles are in the tendons and
are stimulated when the skeletal muscles
relax (muscles stretch when they’re
relaxed) – maintain limb position.
2. Golgi tendon organs are connected
directly to the skeletal muscle and
respond to increased muscle tension.
They maintain posture and prevent
tendon tearing.
Olfaction
KNOW THE OLFACTORY PATHWAY.
Secondary sensory neurons = cranial nerve 1.
Specific smells comes from the ...
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